Intra-Regional Alignment Strategy of Small States in Gulf area: Cases of Qatar and United Arab Emirates (UAE)
Strategi Penjajaran Politik Serantau Negara-Negara Teluk: Kes Qatar dan Emiriah Arab Bersatu (UAE)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47548/ijistra.2021.31Keywords:
Middle East, Small state, Regional alignment, Elite, StrategyAbstract
The Middle East may not possess any great power, but the region has, within itself, several states that hold relatively bigger capabilities and resources compared to the others. Saudi Arabia, Iran, Israel, Egypt, and previously Iraq, are competing to be the main stakeholder in this highly chaotic region. This paper attempts to do a comparative analysis on two gulf countries: Qatar and United Arab Emirates (UAE). The two countries are selected as both are the key economic and strategic players among the small states in the Middle East. The intra-regional alignment behavior of Qatar and UAE as small states in Middle East proves that even in a region where alignments are multi-layered (with intra-regional powers and with international big powers), small states alignment behavior is heavily driven by the intention of minimalizing threats, if not to diminish it completely. Such behavior is expected from states that feel vulnerable within the anarchical environment externally. The external threats and uncertainties, however, are selected and faced according to how the ruling elite perceives it. To preserve domestic political legitimacy, threats and alignment choices become the useful cards for the ruling elites to show their authority, performance, and stature to their domestic audience.
Meskipun di Timur Tengah tidak terdapat negara yang bertaraf kuasa besar, tetapi wilayah ini memiliki beberapa negara yang memiliki kemampuan dan sumber daya yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan negara lain di rantau itu. Arab Saudi, Iran, Israel, Mesir, dan sebelumnya Iraq, bersaing untuk menjadi pemegang kepentingan utama di wilayah yang bergolak ini. Penulisan ini merupakan analisis perbandingan dua negara: Qatar dan Emiriah Arab Bersatu (UAE). Kedua-dua negara dipilih kerana kedua-duanya merupakan pemain ekonomi dan strategik utama di antara negeri-negeri kecil di Timur Tengah. Strategi penjajaran politik serantau Qatar dan UAE sebagai negara-negara kecil di Timur Tengah membuktikan bahawa meskipun di sebuah rantau di mana penjajarannya mempunyai pelbagai peringkat (dengan kuasa serantau dan kuasa antarabangsa), strategi penjajaran negara-negara kecil banyak didorong oleh matlamat untuk meminimumkan ancaman. Strategi seperti ini dapat dijangka daripada negara-negara yang merasa rentan dengan golongan anarkis luaran. Ancaman bagaimanapun ditentukan sesuai dengan pandangan elit pemerintah. Untuk mengekalkan legitimasi politik mereka, penentuan ancaman dan strategi penjajaran menjadi alat bagi elit pemerintah untuk memaparkan kewibawaan, prestasi, dan status mereka kepada rakyat tempatan.
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